Angelic Rodgers
  • The Octave Thanet Project
  • About
  • Privacy
    • Angelic Rodgers >
      • Signed Copies of Homecoming >
        • Signed copies of Elegant Freefall

We All

7/14/2021

0 Comments

 
Picture
  • We All. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1891
  • McMichael (p. 127) describes the book as "a juvenile novel set in Arkansas. The story used characters patterned after Alice's nieces and nephews and told of a Chicago boy, the son of a railroad magnate, who visited an Arkansas plantation where life was filled with midnight galloping through the swamp, Negro haunts, and boys with real pistols. Such exertions only briefly obscured the presence of a 'silver lining' in every cloud. The Book Buyer said the writing was 'wonderfully fine.'" 
  • In terms of sales, McMichael notes (p. 143) "In 1894, We All, the novelette, had sold only 2,250 copies, but D. Appleton and Company bought the copyright for three hundred dollars, raising her income from writing in 1894 to three thousand dollars--seven hundred dollars more than the year before."
Picture

Basic Summary: 
Cecil Raimund goes to Arkansas to the Seyton Plantation to spend time with his twin cousins Alan (Ally) and Sally. In the two weeks covered by the novel, Cecil helps the twins solve the mystery of the KKK scaring people. It turns out that Dawsey has been counterfeiting for the last five years, and while they suspect he's the one parading as the KKK, it turns out that Aunt Valley, a local conjure woman, and Larry, Dawsey's nephew, pretended to be KKK hoping it would lead to Dawsey being arrested for moonshining or lynched by the black people in the area.

The book is very much a "juvenile novel" as McMichaels indicates, as the kids are the ones who solve the mysteries. Larry confesses to the trickery after Dawsey is dead because Dawsey accused Cobbs of conspiring with him to ride as the KKK as he's dying. There is some discussion in the novel of whether Cobbs is racist, which adds some credibility to Dawsey's "confession." Ultimately, the truth is revealed and things are tidy and neat for the most part--the kids are rewarded. Larry gets to live with Cobbs, Ally and Cecil become the best of friends (in a mirroring relationship of the one between Raimund and Seyton), and Sally gets $500 for her shrewd detective work. 

The Title:
The title is echoed in two passages in the book. First, by Colonel Seyton after things have calmed down and Cobbs is no longer under suspicion. Basically, Seyton praises everyone involved in the resolution of the story, not just his own children (although Sally is the best detective of them all).

"'This is just in time for a toast,' said he. 'Cobbs, here's your glass, man. 'WE ALL, East AND WEST, NORTH AND South! To our better acquaintance, because that means to our better and closer and dearer friendship.'" (Thanet, p. 271).

Cecil, being from Chicago, thinks of himself as a northerner and spends the early parts of the novel thinking that his Arkansas cousins are simple and poor. He assumes he can better them at just about everything, including hunting. During a hog hunt he and Ally are not supposed to be on, Cecil faces a wild boar and thinks he can kill it with his revolver. Cobbs and Ally shoot the boar before it can get to Cecil, and he's humbled by it. Ally assures him that had they not intervened, Cecil surely would have felled the hog himself. The final paragraph of the book echoes the title and is reminiscent of the hog hunt, as well as the solving of the mystery and Cecil growing up.

"Meanwhile, it is like Cis, who is fond of trinkets and dunnery, to wear a fob-seal, on which is engraved a wild boar's head and the letters 'W. A.'. The head is a reminiscence of another hog-fight, where Cis did kill the boar, and the letters stand for WE ALL."

Overlap with Expiation:
  • The novel opens with Cecil Raimund arriving in Arkansas with his father John, who is a railroad magnate. Cecil is to spend the summer at the Seyton Plantation because while he is a "good boy. . . he is getting spoiled; he needs to be Americanized" (Thanet, p. 14). This is the second time we've seen this--we saw it first in Expiation with the character or Fairfax Rutherford who is sent to his father's plantation in Arkansas because he has "ceased to be American" (Expiation, p. 60).  Both Rutherford and Cecil have been spending time in London, as well.
  • Dick Barnabas' spectre shows up as part of the mystery. The "haunted store" where the counterfeiters have set up shop is where the guerillas were killed and left for the wild hogs to take care of. Also, when Cobbs' brother-in-law, Peters, discovers what they are doing, Dawsey brands him with Barnabas' brand and tells him to only tell people he was marked by the ghost of Barnabas. Peters moves to Texas to escape certain death by Dawsey.
  • Rutherford is mentioned on pages 48-49 and is referred to as the "exterminator of the guerillas."
  • Whereas Fairfax Rutherford is bothered by his sensitivity and what he thinks of as fear, Cecil is troubled by his strong connection to his father and he sees it as a sign of his immaturity. Both characters focus a good bit on establishing their masculinity in contrast to what they see as feminine traits.
Overall Impressions:
  • Octave Thanet's second novel is full of racist caricatures and is pretty thin on plot. There's some interesting tropes here in terms of Cecil having some struggles with his masculinity (calling himself a cry-baby at one point), and there's a Huck Finn in a dress moment with Larry at one point. McMichael (her only biographer to date), says little about this book, but he does indicate the children (Cecil and the twins Ally & Sally) are patterned after Thanet's nieces and nephews.
  • While there's an overall indication that the KKK is not acceptable and that something has to be done to stop it, the novel really falls flat at the end when Aunt Valley, the conjure woman, and Larry, the abused kid, turn out to be the ones who were pretending to be the Klan, in hopes that the real villain, Dawsey, would be arrested or killed.
  • When the truth is revealed, Aunt Valley and Larry don't suffer consequences--everyone figures that everyone is better off with Dawsey dead, so they just let the public believe he was the culprit.
  •  Artistically, it's interesting to see her recycle elements from Expiation here. Also, the addition of Scooby Doo type meddling kids who solve the mystery to the mix makes sense if she was aiming this at a younger audience.
0 Comments

"Half a Curse"

3/17/2021

0 Comments

 
  • Originally appeared in Scribner's Magazine, I (February 1887), 151-160. Reprinted later that same year in Knitters in the Sun.
  • Set in St. Augustine, Florida.
  • "The characters included the conventional beautiful heroine, an army captain, a Negro servant, and a carpetbagger from Tennessee" (McMichael, p. 102).
  • Race issues: The stereotype  of the wise and loyal to the death former slave. Also, it is made clear Venus is also Seminole, and "her features, [were] Indian rather than Negro" (Thanet, p. 272).
  • Even though Venus uses the word "witch" to describe her mother, McMichael decides it is "voodoo" (p. 102).  Interestingly, Venus does have a clear awareness of the repercussions of curses and that they backfire.

Basic Plot: 

Mrs. Legare has a devoted servant (former slave) named Venus. Johnny (Union soldier) meets Legare and befriends Venus at the start of the story and spends lots of time with her in the gardens and the kitchen before returning North.

When he returns after the war, he finds that the property has been taken by Baldwin, who we later learn, from Mrs. LeGare:
He was an overseer on my uncle's plantation , and was sent away for cheating. He went into the Yankee army afterward as a sutler, but he had to leave because he would get provisions for the people here from the commissary and then sell the provisions. (Thanet, p. 286)
Baldwin refuses to let Venus pay the property tax, as she is not the owner (LeGare is away when the war taxes are due), and he buys the property out of spite. Venus puts a curse on him (only half of one, though, as her mother never taught her any full curses).

Despite the fact he isn't living on the property, Baldwin refuses all offers to buy the property back (from LeGare, Johnny, Venus), and eventually gets Yellow Fever. Despite his orders for LeGare to leave the property, she determines she will go nurse his family back to health. 

Venus goes in her place. She, of course, contracts the disease and dies, proclaiming it is her punishment for the "half a curse." Baldwin shows up on her funeral day to evict LeGare, but his heart is softened when she tells him it was Venus who nursed his family back from the brink of death. He gives the house back (no payment). 

​McMichael does a great job of summarizing some of the issues here:
The story followed the romanticized tradition of post-bellum southern fiction with its mansion,its southern belle, and its Negro mammy, a loyal and noble illiterate providing wisdom and salvation for her betters. The resolution brought by the union of the Yankee officer (Johnathan) and the southern [widowed] maiden, reuniting the North and South, was an equally overworked convention. (p. 102)
0 Comments

"The Bishop's Vagabond"

3/1/2021

0 Comments

 
  • Second story in Knitters in the Sun.
  • Originally published in January of 1884 in Atlantic Monthly.
  • Class commentary (use of the word "cracker" to describe Demming, and definition provided): "The vagabond seemed to belong to the class known as “crackers”.  Poverty, sickness, and laziness were written in every flutter of his rags, in every uncouth curve or angel of his long, gaunt figure and sallow face" (p. 57).
  • Race commentary: Demming lies to get a coffin for his neighbor, Mose Barnwell.
  • Commentary on the idealized South (see below) as depicted in novels (Louise & Martin discussion).
  • The story appeared in January of 1884, which is the same year McMichael identifies as the first trip to Arkansas (which would have been summer of 1884).
  • Setting: Aiken, South Carolina

Louise (Bishop’s daughter) and Colonel Martin Talboys are talking at the start of the story. On pages 56 and 57, there’s a good bit of talk about the south. Specifically, Louise mentions that her experience of Southern manor houses and plantations has always been a bit of a letdown:
I expected to see the real Southern mansions of the novelists, with enormous piazzas and Corinthian pillars and beautiful avenues; and the white-washed cabins of the negroes in the middle distance; and the planter, in a white linen suit and a wide sraw hat, sitting on the piazza drinking mint juleps. Well, I don’t really think I expected the planter, but I did hope for the house. Nothing of the kind. All I saw was a moderate-sized square house, with piazzas and a flat roof, all sadly in need of paint. Now, I’m like Betsey Prig; ‘I don’t believe there’s no sich person.’ It’s a myth, like the good old Southern cooking (p. 56).
Martin assures her:
Oh, they do exist . . .There are houses in Charleston and Beaufort and on the Lower Mississippi that suggest the novels; but, on the whole, I think the novelists have played us false. We expect to find the ruins of luxury and splendor and all that sort of thing in the South; put in point of fact there was very little luxury about Southern life. (p. 56).
This exchange is interesting for multiple reasons. In terms of the story, Louise rejects Talboys in part because she finds him uninteresting and too short (the name is punny for that reason). Secondly, in Thanet’s own fiction, she more often focuses on the lower classes and those in rural Arkansas than she does any sort of idealized plantation imagery.
​
The main plot summary:
Demming (the vagabond) constantly lies and gets money out of Louise’s father, the Bishop. The story opens with such a lie about his wife dying and his need of a coffin. We find out, upon the Bishop, Louise, and Talboys visiting his cabin, that the wife is quite alive; the coffin was for a black neighbor, Mose Barnwell, whose wife had passed (p. 68).

The Bishop and Demming make up, and it turns out that Demming has a relative in Charleston who has left him property and sent him money to travel there. After spending all of his money at the pub buying rounds, Demming is rescued by Talboys who is leaving town after Louise rejected him (Talboys buys Demming a new train ticket).
​
The train collides with a freight train and in the wreck Demming breaks his leg. The bishop is trapped and no axe is on the train. Talboys runs to get one, and arrives just in time as Demming is prepared to shoot the bishop to prevent him from suffering. Talboys gets the bishop free, and the three return to Aiken. Demming has surgery to amputate his leg, but he dies after he patches things up between Louise and Talboys.
Louise promises Demming that they will look after his wife.

McMichael notes that the story is remarkable for the use of ​​​
conventions of other local color fiction filled with romance and strange people in a unique setting, it was hardened with dialect that often required explanatory footnotes to lead readers through the jungles of apostrophes and phonetic approximations. It was Alice’s first use of extensive dialect transcriptions, and it revealed not only her attempts at realism but also the perseverance and tolerance that magazine writers and editors could expect from their readers (pp. 93-94).
0 Comments

    About this project:

    I've been saying since 2004 that I was going to write a critical biography of Octave Thanet (Alice French). This blog is the start of that work and will include notes, links to research, and other OT related tidbits.

    Archives

    February 2022
    August 2021
    July 2021
    June 2021
    April 2021
    March 2021
    February 2021

    Categories

    All
    1878
    1879
    1880
    1884
    1885
    1887
    1888
    1889
    1890
    1891
    1893
    1896
    1897
    Abandoned Child
    Arkansas
    Aunt Callie
    Caldonia
    Catholicism
    Century Magazine
    Chicago Railroad Strike 1877
    Civil War
    Clover Bend
    Conjure
    Convict Camps
    Cotton Pickers
    Dialect
    Digital Texts
    Domestic Violence
    Economics
    Essays
    Expiation
    Francis Plantation
    Highlights & Notes
    Hot Springs
    Howells
    Image Of The South
    Immigrants & Naturalization
    Knitters In The Sun
    Lost Texts
    Lum Shinault
    Native American
    Novels
    Otto The Knight & Other Trans Mississippi Stories
    Photography
    Politics
    Poor
    Race
    Racial Stereotypes
    Racism
    Racist Language
    Racist Sterotypes
    Railroad
    Realism
    Research Tools
    Scribner's
    Scudder
    Seminole
    Southern Myth
    Stories Of A Western Twon
    Suffrage
    Tenant Farming
    Tenements
    The Atlantic Monthly
    The Missionary Sheriff
    Unionization
    We All
    Western Stories
    Witchcraft

    RSS Feed

Proudly powered by Weebly
  • The Octave Thanet Project
  • About
  • Privacy
    • Angelic Rodgers >
      • Signed Copies of Homecoming >
        • Signed copies of Elegant Freefall